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Mrs. Goldstein's Class

Political Globalization
What will be the nature of conflict?

Examine Key Conflicts since World War II to identify causes and characteristics of modern conflict.

Contact Mrs. Goldstein

Global Conflict Case Study Project
Due to interdependence, present conflicts are often  global in nature involving several nations. Causes for global conflicts have included political ideology, self-determination, religious differences, ethnic  differences, limited resources, and national identity. 

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 Afghanistan-Religious Differences
Brazil-Limited Resources
China-National Identity
Israel-Palestine-Self Determination
South Africa-Ethnic Differences

Global Conflict Project Directions and Rubric
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Global Conflict Case Study Organizer
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Case Study Resources
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Brazil: Limited Resources

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Tension over limited resources is a factor in most conflicts, although not always the primary cause. Conflicts may arise between business interests and  environmental groups, those in power who benefit from the sale or use of  resources and those without power wishing to increase their access to the resources, and multinational corporations and domestic companies. 

Half of Brazil’s farmland belongs to 4% of the population. There are concerns  about the loss of the rainforests, environmental damage, and the impact on indigenous people caused by farming, mining, logging, and drilling. 
Conflicts can be found throughout the world around issues of water,
land, oil, gold, coffee, coal, diamonds, and many other resources.


Additional Case Studies over Limited Resources:
 • Conflicts over oil and natural gas
 o The oil crisis and its aftermath in the early 1970s
 o Russia: control of natural gas pipeline to Europe
 • Conflicts over mining rights
 o Since 1998, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, fights over control of gold mines
 o In the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan, fights for control of gold mines
 o Cajamarca, Peru, protests over expansion of mines
• Conflicts over land use
o Ineffective land reform efforts in Zimbabwe
 o Land reform efforts in Kenya

Resources


 Frontline 
Brazil land reform 
Amazon mining rights 

National Geographic

Rainforest loss in the Amazon
 
UnitedStreaming 
Amazonia: The Forest: A Global Challenge


Washington Post

Amazon conflict over deforestation 
Brazil. Country guide with information and statistics


Brazil Document 1
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Brazil Document 2
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Brazil Document 3
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Brazil Document 4
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Afghanistan: Religious Differences

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Religious differences have contributed to conflicts in many  countries/regions, including Afghanistan, whose population includes a complex variety of languages, religions, and ethnicities. 

After the withdrawal of Soviet troops, Afghanistan became dominated by the  Taliban, an extremist Muslim group that demanded strict adherence to their
religious views and practices. Their control of the country led to violence,  murder, and extreme human rights violations against those suspected of non-conformity to Taliban religious views. The Taliban encouraged Al Qaeda, an extremist Islamic terrorist organization, to use Afghanistan as a training  round and headquarters. After the September 11th, 2001,  attacks, American forces ousted the Taliban from ruling the country; however the  Taliban continues to fight NATO and American forces for power. 
 Religious differences have contributed to conflicts in India/Pakistan, the Balkans, Sri Lanka, Iran, and Iraq. The populations of these countries/regions include a complex variety of languages, nationalities, religions, and ethnicities. 

Additonal Case Studies: 
• India/Pakistan: Since the Indian partition in 1947,
India and Pakistan have fought over land, especially Kashmir. 

• The Balkans: Clashes have occurred between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians after the breakup of Yugoslavia
 • Sri Lanka: Sinhalese Buddhists have ruled the country since the late 1990’s, but the minority Tamil Hindus struggle to overcome discriminatory laws. 
• Iran: Since 1979, when Iran became an Islamic Republic, women and members of other religions have suffered due to strict cultural rules.
• Iraq: Sunnis, Shiites, and Kurds struggle for power in a post-Saddam government 

Resources


 Frontline 

Resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan 
US options in Afghanistan 
 
National Geographic Society 

Efforts to keep ancient Afghan treasures safe from the Taliban 
  
National Public Radio Interviews 

Campaign against Taliban in Afghanistan 
 Resurgence of Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan
Taliban resurgence in Afghanistan 
 
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 
Wide Angle: Dying to be a Martyr 

UnitedStreaming 
Al Queda After 9/11 


Washington Post

Country guide with information,
statistics, and background on Afghan conflict 
Afghanistan Document 1
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Afghanistan Document 2
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Afghanistan Document 3
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China: National Identity

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In order to unite a nation, governments may attempt to shape or form a  national identity based on common, shared cultural characteristics. Conflict may occur when people in a nation do not all share the same cultural characteristics  and may face persecution or discrimination as a result. The Cultural Revolution  in China is one example of how a government attempted to forge a common national  identity but caused massive upheaval and crisis. 
China has tried to unify its people by creating a common, shared culture. The  Cultural Revolution was an extreme effort taken by communist leaders to unify the nation. Although ultimately unsuccessful, political opposition and individual expression continues to be restricted. One of the main goals of the Cultural Revolution was to abolish Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas. Another goal was to neutralize intellectuals and Mao’s political enemies. 

Resources


 British Broadcasting Company (BBC) 
 Cultural Revolution:
 Includes an eyewitness account 
 
Chinese Propaganda Posters 


Cultural Revolution

 Primary source documents,
including photos, video clips, and interviews
 
 
Frontline 
China’s  struggle to redefine itself
Photographs — Cultural Revolution. Includes a timeline of photos with captions 

ThinkQuest
 History of the Cultural Revolution 

Washington Post 
Country guide with information,  statistics, and background 


China Document 1
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China Document 2
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China Document 3
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South Africa: Ethnic Differences

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Ethnic differences have contributed to conflicts in many countries, including
South Africa, whose population includes a complex variety of languages,  religions, and ethnicities

Nonwhite South Africans struggled for racial freedom from ruling white
governments within a system of racial apartheid since 1965. In this system, nonwhites were denied civic rights, had limited economic opportunity, and few  freedoms. Opposition to apartheid was harshly repressed. Leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu increased global attention and support for the end of  apartheid, culminating in the legal end to apartheid in 1990 and universal  suffrage for all South Africans in 1994. 

Ethnic differences have contributed to conflicts in India/Pakistan, Rwanda, Sudan, and Somalia. The populations of these countries/regions include a complex variety of languages, nationalities, religions, and ethnicities. 

Additonal Case Studies:

• India/Pakistan: Since the Indian partition in 1947, India and Pakistan
have fought over land, especially Kashmir. 

• Rwanda: Civil War between Hutus and Tutsis in the 1990s led to murder
and displacement of millions. 

• Sudan: Arab led government leaders discriminated against non-Arab
populations, leading to violence and genocide. 

• Somalia: Since 1991, ethnic tribal warfare has prevented Somalia from
creating an effective government. 

Resources


 African National Congress. 

Primary source documents and timeline of apartheid 
 
Frontline
Nelson Mandel
a 

Internet Modern History Sourcebook — Africa Since 1945 
 
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook53.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/africa/africasbook.html

 
North Western University 
Apartheid Posters 
 

South Africa Doc 1
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South Africa Doc 2
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South Africa Doc 3
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Israel-Palestine: Self Determination

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Conflicts over self-determination, one group’s right to free itself from  domination of another, occurred in many places, including Israel-Palestine. 
Following the creation of Israel after World War II, this region experienced  several wars for self-determination. For Israel, the wars were a fight to maintain their political existence against Syria, Egypt, and other Arab nations and resulted in disputed, occupied territories such as the Gaza Strip and West Bank. The 2006 conflict between Israel and Lebanon underscores the competition for autonomy and political rule in the region. Palestinians, living in Israel, have fought to gain independence and establish their own nation through the efforts of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and more recently, Hamas. 

Additional Case Studies:
Conflicts over self-determination occurred in many countries including: 

• Ireland: IRA (Catholics) fought to regain control of Northern Ireland from Protestants. 
• Indonesia (East Timor): calls for independence  finally successful in 2002 
• India/Pakistan: partition in 1947, continuing  disputes over Kashmir region 
• Sri Lanka: Tamil Tigers independence group 
• China (Tibet): nonmilitary and mostly nonviolent opposition to Chinese control 
• Chechnya: separatist group in Georgia, former Soviet republic 
• Former Yugoslavia: fighting and civil war between Serbs and other groups

Resources

Analysis of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Timelines, maps,
articles
. 
  
Battle for the Holy Land. Timelines, photos, video

Israeli Settlers
Video clips and interviews

Overview of Palestinian Political and Militant Groups
Israel in the News
Israel-Palestine Doc 1
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Israel-Palestine Doc 2
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Israel-Palestine Doc 3
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Chile: Political Ideology

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 After World War II, conflicts over political
ideology primarily occurred between democratic and communist governments or  forces, including the conflict in Chile.

The US secretly supported the overthrow of the leftist
democratically elected Salvador Allende. Pinochet, his successor, ended  socialist economic practices and had US support despite his dictatorial  government.
Additional Case Studies:
Egypt v. Israel during the Yom Kippur War  􀂃
Cambodia in the 1970s through 1990s. The Chinese supported the Khmer Rouge; the Soviet Union supported the Vietnamese backed communist government.􀂃
Poland: Struggle for free elections, democracy from 1980 to 1990
Iraq: The Iraq War was described as a war for democracy in the Middle East. Some democratic institutions have been established; however, instability continues 

Pinochet, dictator of Chile


 ABC-CLIO— Chilean coup
Images, audio, background information 

Chilean Coup
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